Bank

MASALAH PERBANKAN

Oleh: Marsono,SE SMAN 1 Terara,Lombok NTB

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN

            Ditinjau dari segi fungsinya,salah satu jenis perbankan yang paling utama dan paling penting adalah Bank Sentral.Bank Sentral ditiap negara hanya ada satu dan mempunyai cabang hampir ditiap propinsi . Fungsi utama bank sentral adalah mengatur masalah-masalah yang berhubungan dengan keuangan disuatu negara secara luas.Bank Sentral di Indonesia dipegang oleh Bank Indonesia( BI ).

            Bank Indonesia berasal dari De Javasche Bank N.V yang merupakan salah satu bank milik pemerintah Belanda.De Javasche Bank N.V didirikan pada zaman penjajahan Belanda,tepatnya pada tanggal 10 Oktober 1827. Pendirian Bank ini dimaksudkan untuk membantu pemerintah Belanda,untuk mengurus keuangannya di Hindia Belanda pada waktu itu.Kemudian,De Javasche Bank N.V dinasionalisir pemerintah Republik Indonesia tanggal 6 Desember 1951 dengan Undang – Undang nomor 24 tahun 1951 menjadi bank milik pemerintah Republik Indonesia .Selanjutnya berdasarkan penetapan Presiden nomor 17 tahun 1965,Bank Indonesia bersama bank-bank lainnya seperti Bank Koperasi Tani dan Nelayan,BNI,BTN dilebur kedalam Bank Tunggal dengan nama BNI.BNI ini terdiri BNI 1,BNI II, BNI III,BNI IV, BNI V.BNI 1 kemudian berfungsi sebagai Bank Sirkulasi,Bank Sentral dan Bank Umum dan dijadikan Bank Sentral di Indonesia dengan Undang-Undang nomor 13 tahun 1968.Berdasarkan Undang-Undang RI nomor 23 tahun 1999 status Bank Indonesia sebagai Bank Sentral dikukuhkan lagi. Fungsi Bank Sentral di Negara manapun selalu memegang peranan penting dalam memajukan perkembangan pembangunan di negaranya,begitu Bank Indonesia juga mempunyai posisi strategis dalam pembangunan ,baik dalam melayani pemerintah,dunia keuangan dan perbankan, yang ada di Indonesia dan diseluruh dunia.

            Peranan Bank Indonesia sebagai Bank Sentral atau sering disebut Bank to Bank .Tugas-tugas Bank Indonesia sebagai Bank to bank adalah mengatur ,mengkoordinir,mengawasi serta memberikan tindakan kepada dunia perbankan. Bank Indonesia juga mengurus dana yang dihimpundari masyarakat agar disalurkan kembali ke masyarakat benar-benar efektif penggunaanya sesuai dengan tujuan pembangunan.Bank Indonesia juga mengatur dan mengawasi kegiatan perbankan secara keseluruhan.

            Peranan lain dari Bank Indonesia adalah dalam hal mencetak dan menyalurkan uang ,terutama uang kartal bahkan Bank Indonesia mempunyai hak tunggal untuk menyalurkan uang kartal.Tugas berikutnya adalah mengendalikan jumlah uang yang beredar dan suku bunga dengan maksud untuk menjaga kestabilan nilai rupiah.Disamping itu hubungan Bank Indonesia dengan pemerintah adalah sebagai pemegang kas pemerintah.Begitu pula hubungan keuangan dengan dunia internasional juga ditangani oleh Bank Indonesia seperti menerima pinjaman luar negeri.

            Dalam menjalankan tugas sehari – hari Bank Indonesia dipimpin oleh Dewan Gubernur,yang terdiri dari seorang Gubernur,seorang Deputi gubernur Senior dan sekurang-kurangnya 4 orang atau sebanyaknya 7 orang Deputi Gubernur .Dalam hal ini Deputi Gubernur Senior  merupakan Wakil Gubernur dan apabila Gubernur dan deputi Gubernur Senior berhalangan ,maka Gubernur atau Deputi gubernur Senior menunjuk seorang Deputi Gubernur untuk memimpin Dewan Gubernur.

            Kedudukan Gubernur dan Deputi Gubernur senior diusulkan dan diangkat oleh presiden dengan persetujuan DPR untuk masa jabatan 5 tahun.Kemudian masa jabatan yang sama dapat diperpanjang sebanyak – banyaknya 1 kali masa jabatan berikutnya.

A.                TUJUAN BANK INDONESIA

Tujuan Bank Indonesia seperti tertuang dalam Undang-Undang RI no.23 tahun 1999 bab III pasal 7 adalah untuk mencapai dan memelihara kestabilan rupiah.Mata uang rupiah perlu dijaga dan dipelihara mengingat dampak yang ditimbulkan apabila suatu mata uang tidak stabil sangatlah luas.Salah satu akibat ketidakstabilan nilai rupiah adalah terjadinya inflasi yang sangat memberatkan masyarakat luas.Oleh karena itu tugas Bank Indonesia untuk mencapai dan memelihara kestabilan nilai rupiah sangatlah penting.

            Adapun maksud dari kestabilan rupiah yang diinginkan oleh Bank Indonesia adalah:

1.Kestabilan nilai rupiah terhadap   barang dan jasa yang dapat diukur dengan atau tercermin dari  perkembangan laju inflasi

2. Kestabilan nilai rupiah terhadap mata uang  negara lain.Hal ini dapat diukur dengan atau tercermin dari perkembangan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap mata uang Negara lain. Dengan stabilnya nilai mata uang rupiah,maka akan sangat banyak manfaat yang akan diperoleh terutama untuk mendukung pembangunan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat.

            Agar kestabilan nilai rupiah dapat tercapai dan terpelihara,maka Bank Indonesia memiliki tugas antara lain:

1. Menetapkan dan melaksanakan kebijakan moneter
2. Mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran
3. Mengatur dan mengawasi bank

Dalam pelaksanaan tugas diatas pihak lain dilarang melakukan segala bentuk campur tangan terhadap pelaksanaan tugas Bank Indonesia.

B.                 TUGAS – TUGAS BANK INDONESIA

Secara garis besar ada tiga tugas Bank Indonesia dalam rangka mencapai dan memelihara kestabilan nilai rupiah seperti yang telah diungkapkan diatas.Berikut ini akan diuraikan garis-garis besar dari masing – masing tugas Bank Indonesia seperti yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang nomor 23 tahun 1999.

1.                              Menetapkan dan melaksanakan kebijakan moneter

Dalam rangka menetapkan dan melaksanakan kebijakan moneter Bank Indonesia berwenang:

a.                  Menetapkan sasaran –sasaran moneter dengan memperhatikan sasaran laju inflasi yang ditetapkannya.

b.                  Melakukan pengendalian moneter dengan menggunakan cara-cara yang termasuk,tetapi tidak terbatas pada:

-                      Operasi pasar terbuka dipasar uang,baik mata uang rupiah maupun valas

-                                  Penetapan tingkat diskonto

-                      Penetapan cadangan wajib minimum

-                                  Pengaturan kredit atau pembiayaan

c.                  Memberikan kredit atau pembiayaan berdasarkan prinsip syariah,paling lama 90 hari kepada bank untuk mengatasi kesulitan pendanaan jangka pendek bank yang bersangkutan

d.                                          Melaksanakan kebijakan nilai tukar berdasarkan system nilai tukar yang telah ditetapkan

e.                                           Mengelola cadangan devisa

f.                   Menyelenggarakan survey secara berkala atau sewaktu-waktu diperlukan yang dapat bersifat makro dan mikro

2.                              Mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran system pembayaran ,diantaranya:

a.                  Melaksanakan dan memberikan persetujuan dan izin atas penyelenggaraan jasa sistem pembayaran.

b.                  Mewajibkan penyelenggara jasa system pembayaran untuk menyampaikan laporan kegiatannya

c.                                           Menetapkan penggunaan alat pembayaran

d.                                          Mengatur system kliring antar bank baik dalam mata uang rupiah maupun asing

e.                                           Menyelenggarakan penyelesaian akhir transaksi pembayaran antar bank

f.                   Menetapkan macam,harga ,ciri, uang yang akan dikeluarkan,bahan yang digunakan dan tanggal mulai berlakunya sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah

g.                  Mengeluarkan dan mengedarkan uang rupiah serta mencabut,menarik dan memusnahkan uang dari peredaran termasuk memberikan penggantian dengan nilai yang sama

3.                              Mengatur dan mengawasi bank

Dalam hal mengatur dan mengawasi Bank Indonesia berwenang:

a.                  Menetapkan ketentuan – ketentuan perbankan yang memuat prinsip – prinsip kehati – hatian

b.                                          Memberikan dan mencabut izin usaha bank

c.                                           Memberikan izin pembukaan,penutupan dan pemindahan kantor bank

d.                                          Memberikan persetujuan atas kepemilikan dan kepengurusan bank

e.                                           Memberikan izin kepada bank untuk menjalankan kegiatan usaha tertentu

f.                   Mewajibkan bank untuk menyampaikan laporan,keterangan dan penjelasan sesuai dengan tata cara yang ditetapkan Bank Indonesia

g.                  Melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap bank,baik secara berkala maupun setiap waktu apabila diperlukan.

h.                  Memerintahkan bank untuk menghentikan sementara sebagian atau seluruh kegiatan transaksi tertentu apabila menurut penilaian Bank Indonesia terhadap suatu transaksi patut diduga merupakan tindakan pidana dibidang perbankan.

i.                                            Mengatur dan mengembangkan informasi antar bank

j.                    Mengambil tindakan terhadap suatu bank sebagaimana diatur dalam undang-undang tentang perbankan yang berlaku apabila menurut penilaian Bank Indonesia dapat membahayakan kelangsungan usaha bank yang bersangkutan dan atau membahayakan perekonomian nasional

k.                  Tugas mengawasi bank akan dilakukan oleh lembaga pengawasan sector jasa keuangan yang independen dan dibentuk dengan Undang-Undang.

C.                HUBUNGAN DENGAN PEMERINTAH

Hubungan Bank Indonesia dengan Pemerintah seperti yang dituangkan dalam undang-undang no.23 tahun 1999 adalah sebagai berikut:

1.                              Bertindak sebagai pemegang kas pemerintah

2.                  Untuk dan atas namapemerintah bank Indonesia dapat menerima pinjaman luar negeri ,menatausahakan serta menyelesaikan tagihan dan kewajiban keuangan pemerintah terhadap pihak luar negeri

3.                  Pemerintah wajib meminta pendapat Bank Indonesia dan atau mengundang Bank Indonesia dalam siding cabinet yang membahas masalah ekonomi , perbankan dan keuangan yang berkaitan dengan tugas Bank Indonesia dan kewenangannya.

4.                  Memberikan pendapat dan pertimbangan kepada pemerintah mengenai rancangan anggaran pendapatan dan belanja Negara serta kebijakan yang berhubungan dengan tugas dan wewenang Bank Indonesia

5.                  Dalam hal Pemerintah menerbitkan surat-surat hutang Negara,pemerintah wajib terlebih dahulu berkonsultasi dengan Bank Indonesia dan pemerintah juga wajib terlebih dulu berkonsultasi dengan DPR

6.                  Bank Indonesia dapat membantu penerbitan surat-surat hutang Negara yang diterbitkan pemerintah

7.                              Bank Indonesia dilarang memberikan kredit kepada pemerintah.

D.                HUBUNGAN DENGAN DUNIA INTERNASIONAL

Dalam hal hubungan Bank Indonesia dengan Dunia Internasional,maka Bank Indonesia:

1.                  Dapat melakukan kerjasama dengan Bank Sentral Negara lain dan organisasi Lembaga Internasional

2.                  Dalam hal dipersyaratkan bahwa anggota internasional atau lembaga multilateral adalah negara maka Bank Indonesia dapat bertindak untuk dan atas nama Negara Republik Indonesia sebag

Kebijakan moneter

problem economic sector

1.     HUMAN PROBLEMS IN THE ECONOMIC SECTOR

By: MARSONO, ME

Teacher: Theory and Application of Economics

For Grade X Of SMANTRA

Economic activities emerge because there is unbalanced number between provided devices for fulfilling need human need.The activity for producing goods and merit must fulfill some requirements such us:

a.      Thrifty

b.      Accurate

c.       Efficiency

Human need

Human have various need, the need wiil always develop along with the increase of age and human knowledge

Human need is unlimited this is caused by several factors such as:

1.      In the increasing number population

2.      The advancement of knowledge and technology

3.      The advancement of social intercourse

4.      The advancement of human culture

Generally, human need can be categorized in to five categories, the following are:

a.      Need according to intensity,human need can be categorized in to ;

-          Primary need

-          Secondary need

-          Tertiary need

b.      Need according to characteristics can be classified in to :

-          Physical need

-          Spiritual need

c.       Need according to subject

Based on its subject, human need can be classified into:

-          Individual need

-          Collective need

d.      Need according to time ,human need can be classified in to :

-          Now need

-          Future need

e.      Need according to  real form .Human need can be classfied into:

-          Material need

-          Immaterial need.

Goods as the device for fulfilling need

Human have various need.The need must be fulfilled. The following are the discussions about visible devices for fulfilling need:

a.      G oods according to the way to gain,can be classified into:

-          Economic goods ( food,clothes,houses etc)

-          Free goods ( sun ray, water in abeach)

b.      Goods according to utility , based on utility ,goods can be into:

-          Production goods ( cake ,machines,tools)

-          Consumtion goods( food,drink, furniture,vehicles)

c.       Goods according to the relation to other goods

-          Substitution goods

-          Complementary goods

d.      Goods according to production processes

Based on production processes, can be classified into:

a. Raw goods (bananas, apples, cotton, rice, wood)

b. Half finished goods (string, milled rice)

c. Finished goods (clothes, rice, cake etc)

Goods utility such as:

1.      Element utility

2.      Form Utility

3.      Place utility

4.      Ownership utility

5.      Service utility

The scarcity of economic resources

The scarcity emerges because the number of need is no balanced with the devices for fulfilling.

Main Economic problems

Each economic organization will encounter three main problems such as:

1.      What

What must the commodities be produced?

2.      How

How much the commodities be produced?

3.      For Whom

For whome must the commodities be produced?

Economic System

Economic System which are used by many countries can be differentieted in to :

a.      Traditional Economic System

Traditional economic system has existed since human lived in acommunity and did economic activities. Each member of the society can not fulfil all goods and merit that they need. They have to work to gether so that what has been produced by the society can be used by the other members of a society .The following are some characteristic at traditional economic system:

1.      The influence of culture norms in managing economic activities very sturdy

2.      The use of money has not been known or still restrict, the exchange is done with a barter system.

3.      The economic activities are not market oriented, but for fulfilling the need of society itself, there economic activities are subsisten.

Based on the characteristic of the traditional economic system.Can be understood that there are excesses in a traditional economic system.

Those excesses can be explaned as follow:

Firstly        : there is a spirit of autonomy for being able to fulfill the need of a society.

Secondly   : the strong cultural norms and the economic activities which are only oriented to fulfill the own need, the exploitation or the use of economic resources will not be happened copious.

                            And lack of the traditional economic system is located in the limitation of the use of money and a subsistence economic activity.This indicates:

The lack of support to ward the advancement and the enhancement of the prosperity of society will be more prosperious.

b.      Market Economic System

Asociety changes more advancing and more developing.The goods which are produced are not directed to fulfill the need of society, but they are also offered to the other societies. On the other way round, they also get the goods from other societies for fulfilling their economic need.

A market economic system is often called as liberal economic or capitalistic economic system. Thefollowing are the charateristic of market economic system:

a.      The individuals propietary right are confessed

b.      The freedom of endeavoring and the freedom of competing are given.

c.       Production orientation to market with the aim of achieving maximal benefits.

d.      Economic activities are controlled by the market mechanism, the government does not have a right to adulterate in economic.

A market economic system has an excess: in supporting the advancement and the growth of economic quickly.

It weakness:

·         A gap between the rich and the poor the rich will be richer, while the poor will feel more isolated because they lose in competing.

c.       Central Economic System

A central economic is often called as social or communist economic system.

The charateristics of a social economic system are as follows:

1.      All of the devices and production resources are owned by a country or a society collectively.

2.      The government conducts central planning

3.      Central planning is the manager of state economics.

Central economic System has an axcess:

·         In the effort to realize an even prosperity for the whole citizen.

Weakness:

·         Of the central economic system is the susceptible to corroption and the abuse of authority by the leaders.

4.      Mixed Economic System

Empirically, there is no country which implements an economic system purely.In fact, a mixed economic system is the system which is used by all countries in the world.

Based on the explanation above we can conclude that:

The excess: of this system is in the choice of characteristic or principles which are considered appropriety for each country.

Weakness: relatively, there is no weakness.

A mixed economic system is the combination of the element of traditional, market and central economic system.

2.     ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF CONSUMER AND PRODUCER

By: MARSONO, ME.

Teacher: Theory and Application of Economics

For Grade X Of SMANTRA

Along the time, each human kind cannot fulfill their own needs by their own production result. Human kind need each other in other to fulfill their necessities.human kinds as an agent of economy will do the specialization in producing goods.In economics, the role of each agen of economy is required. Household share both consumer and supplier of production factors. Government shares both producer and consumer.Beside, the government also shares on preparing public facilities. By opened economics, overseas societies also share in domestic economics.These agents of economy is interacting each in running the economics wheel.

A.    Consumer and producer Behaviors in economic Activity

Economic activities cannot be separated from producer and consumer. They have their own behavior pattern in carrying out their each activity. In order to comprehend how the behavior of producer and consumer in economic activities is, read this explanation below.

1.    Consumer Behavior

Theory of consumer behavior explains about consumer or buyer behavior in using and spending the income achieved .A rational consumer will try to maximize the satisfaction in using the income to buy goods and services. For that purpose, a consumer should make choices, the choices to determine the kind and number of the goods will be bought. Economic analysis of consumer behavior in making the choices can be different into two kinds of analysis form, theory of utility and indifferent satisfaction curve.

1. Theory of Utility

The neckt is the example of total utility value and marginal utility value in numeral or graphical form. In this example, the number of satisfaction level obtained by a consumer from consuming durian in a day.

Tabel 2.1 Total Utility Value and Marginal utility Value

Number of durian consumed	Total Utility Value	Marginal Utility Value
1	25	25
2	45	20
3	60	15
4	70	10
5	75	5
6	78	3
7	79	1
8	78	-1
9	76	-2
10	72	-4

b. Analysis of Indifference Curve

Historically, theory of utility is theory preceded by explaining the consumer behavior first. But, the theory has a weakness i.e. the theory states that total utility (satisfaction) or marginal utility in numerical form. Satisfaction is something difficult to be measured. Therefore,to avoid the weakness, Sir John R.Hicks has developed new approach to describe the principal of satisfaction maximization of a consumer which has limited approach.The developed analysis is recognized in economics as analysis of indifference curve.This analysis covers two kinds of curves,i.e. the indifference curves itself and budget line.

Tabel 2.2 Combination of food and Clothes Consumption

Combination	Number of good	Clothes	Level of Marginal Substitution between Food and clothes
	Food
A	15	2	-
B	11	3	4/1 = 4
C	8	4	3/1 = 2
D	4	6	4/2 = 2
E	2	8	2/2 = 1
F	1	10	1/2 = 0,5

Based on the table a bove, it can be determined the point of A, B,C,E and F which pointing on the combination of food and clothes . If the points are connected, a line will be obtained which shows the indifference curve as seen in the picture.

Indifference curve describe the consumer desire to consume goods and satisfaction level will be obtained from consuming the goods.from the curve description, the consumers ability to buy the goods combinations is not seen yet.

In reality, consumers is impossible obtain all goods which they desired. The consumers ability to obtain goods is limited by the amount of income which can be spent. Therefore, the problem faced by each consumer is how the consumers spend their income to buy goods so the maximum satisfaction level can be achieved . By only using indifference curve analysis, the problem cannot be solved yet. For the analysis, a consumers ability to buy goods needs to be known. A consumers ability to buy goods is described through the budget line curve.

Tabel 2.3 The Combination of Food and Clothes which Can be Bought

Combination	Food	Clothes
A	13	2
B	8	4
C	3	6

Based on the information stated on the table, the budget line curve can be described as follows

           

2.      Producers Behavior

Based on economic theory,every producer has the same purpose i.e. looking for maximum profit(return). To achieve the purpose,a producer always tries to utilize production factors prossesed efficiently.

Profit or loss is  a difference between selling revenue and production cost.Profit will be achieved by a producer if the selling revenue obtained is more than the total production cost spent.

a.       The Law of Deminishing Marginal Return

The law of diminishing marginal return is firstly stated by an economist named David Ricardo in 1814. The empahasis of this law is stated as follow:

-          If one kind of production factors is added continuously not its use,while the other production factors is constant,the additional output resulted by the addition of each production factor unit will increase in the beginning but later it will decline continuously.

b.      Public Prioritizing Production Behaviors

In their activities,the producer should have the behaviors which give public priority.These producers behaviors are shown by keeping the development of economics growth and the development of live standard (prosperity) and also the environment.

B.     The Roles of Producer and Consumer

In order to fulfill the human need, the goods and services should be available.Goods and services as a fulfillment tools should be made first.After made, the goods ang services will be available in society.

C.    The Roles of Household,Company,Government,and Overseas Sector in Economic Activity

Agents of social economy can be classified into the sectors:

1.     Household as an Agent of Economy

2.     Company as an Agent of Economy

3.     Government as an Agent of Economy

4.     Overseas Sector as an agent of Economy

D.   Circulair Flow Diagram

Every agent can be act as aconsumer or producer.

E.     The Benefits of Economic Circulair Flow Diagram

Economic agents in a society can be differentiated into two i.e. producer or production household and consumer or consumtion household.The relation between production and consumption household is very close and supporting each other to reach a progress.